Free Essays on Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell was more responsible for the overthrow of the Stuarts than any other man, and as the commander of a large, well-trained army, he had the power to establish a dictatorship. However, he was no ordinary military conqueror who sought civil power, and the real tragedy of his career was that he was forced to assume a political role in order to protect the ideals for which he and his men had fought. Although he was one of the greatest military commanders in history, he had little political imagination. He stumbled form one expedient to another in search of some form of government which a majority of Englishmen would support, but the painful truth was that the opponents of the Stuarts could agree on no alternative to Stuart rule. At first, Cromwell left civil affairs in the hands of the Rump-the unpurged members of Parliament-and an appointed council. He turned to Ireland, where he suppressed a rebellion with great cruelty, and then to Scotland, where he put down a Stuart uprising. The mercantile element in Parliament brought England into a war with the Dutch and passed measures designed to help big-city merchants. At the same time, Parliament was lax in the payment of troops, and some of its members were accused of accepting bribes. To ensure their continuance in power, they even decided to fill vacant seats by nomination instead of election. Cromwell could stand it no longer In April, 1653, he ordered his troops to disperse the Rump. As the members of Parliament departed, the general shouted: "It's you that have forced me to do this, for I have sought the Lord night and ay that he would slay me rather than put me upon the doing of this work." With the arrogant certainty of one who is convinced that h! e is doing God's will, Cromwell had now destroyed both king and Parliament. God was less helpful in revealing to Cromwell what alternate form of government should be established. At length, he was persuaded that the best way to s... Free Essays on Oliver Cromwell Free Essays on Oliver Cromwell Cromwell was more responsible for the overthrow of the Stuarts than any other man, and as the commander of a large, well-trained army, he had the power to establish a dictatorship. However, he was no ordinary military conqueror who sought civil power, and the real tragedy of his career was that he was forced to assume a political role in order to protect the ideals for which he and his men had fought. Although he was one of the greatest military commanders in history, he had little political imagination. He stumbled form one expedient to another in search of some form of government which a majority of Englishmen would support, but the painful truth was that the opponents of the Stuarts could agree on no alternative to Stuart rule. At first, Cromwell left civil affairs in the hands of the Rump-the unpurged members of Parliament-and an appointed council. He turned to Ireland, where he suppressed a rebellion with great cruelty, and then to Scotland, where he put down a Stuart uprising. The mercantile element in Parliament brought England into a war with the Dutch and passed measures designed to help big-city merchants. At the same time, Parliament was lax in the payment of troops, and some of its members were accused of accepting bribes. To ensure their continuance in power, they even decided to fill vacant seats by nomination instead of election. Cromwell could stand it no longer In April, 1653, he ordered his troops to disperse the Rump. As the members of Parliament departed, the general shouted: "It's you that have forced me to do this, for I have sought the Lord night and ay that he would slay me rather than put me upon the doing of this work." With the arrogant certainty of one who is convinced that h! e is doing God's will, Cromwell had now destroyed both king and Parliament. God was less helpful in revealing to Cromwell what alternate form of government should be established. At length, he was persuaded that the best way to s...

SAT Score to GPA Conversion Table

SAT Score to GPA Conversion Table SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you want to convert your GPA to SAT scores, orvice versa? Perhapsyou're wondering what SAT score you might get based on your high school grades. In this article, we've pored through the statistics to let you do just that! Before we jump into the data, though, wedo have some caveats to be aware of. Is Converting Between GPA and SAT Scores Possible? First, you should know that the SAT measures completely different things than a GPA does. The SAT is a single test that occursover just a few hours, whereas a GPA takes years of work to build and is based on classwork and overall class performance. Therefore, you cannot compare the two in a predictive sense.You can't say that just because you have a perfect GPA that you'll get a perfect SAT score, or vice versa. Suppose the fastest 100-meter dash time was9.7 seconds and the fastest marathon time was two hours and 10 minutes. Getting 9.7 seconds in the dash doesn't mean you'd for sure get 2:10 in the marathon! In spite of this, you can roughly convert between GPA and SAT score by looking at how "good" each one is. In other words, you can say that the fastest sprinter runs 100 meters in9.7 seconds, which converts to the fastest marathon runner at 2:10. This scale matches SAT to GPA based on how good each one is- more precisely, the percentiles of people earning each. Conversion Between SAT Scores and GPA Below, we've created a table that contains conversions between composite SAT scores and GPA (on an unweighted 4.0 scale). SAT Score GPA (4.0 Scale) 1600 4.00 1593 4.00 1587 4.00 1580 4.00 1573 4.00 1567 4.00 1560 4.00 1553 4.00 1547 4.00 1540 4.00 1533 4.00 1527 4.00 1520 3.99 1513 3.99 1507 3.99 1500 3.99 1493 3.99 1487 3.99 1480 3.99 1473 3.99 1467 3.99 1460 3.99 1453 3.99 1447 3.99 1440 3.99 1433 3.99 1427 3.99 1420 3.99 1413 3.99 1407 3.99 1400 3.99 1393 3.99 1387 3.99 1380 3.99 1373 3.98 1367 3.98 1360 3.98 1353 3.98 1347 3.98 1340 3.98 1333 3.98 1327 3.98 1320 3.97 1313 3.97 1307 3.97 1300 3.97 1293 3.97 1287 3.96 1280 3.96 1273 3.96 1267 3.95 1260 3.95 1253 3.95 1247 3.94 1240 3.94 1233 3.93 1227 3.93 1220 3.92 1213 3.92 1207 3.91 1200 3.91 1193 3.90 1187 3.89 1180 3.88 1173 3.87 1167 3.86 1160 3.85 1153 3.84 1147 3.83 1140 3.82 1133 3.81 1127 3.79 1120 3.78 1113 3.76 1107 3.75 1100 3.73 1093 3.71 1087 3.69 1080 3.68 1073 3.66 1067 3.63 1060 3.61 1053 3.59 1047 3.57 1040 3.54 1033 3.51 1027 3.49 1020 3.46 1013 3.43 1007 3.40 1000 3.37 993 3.34 987 3.31 980 3.28 973 3.25 967 3.22 960 3.19 953 3.16 947 3.12 940 3.09 933 3.06 927 3.02 920 2.99 913 2.95 907 2.92 900 2.88 893 2.85 887 2.81 880 2.77 873 2.74 867 2.70 860 2.66 853 2.62 847 2.58 840 2.54 833 2.49 827 2.44 820 2.39 813 2.35 807 2.30 800 2.25 793 2.20 787 2.15 780 2.10 773 2.05 767 2.00 760 1.95 753 1.89 747 1.84 740 1.79 733 1.73 727 1.68 720 1.62 713 1.55 707 1.48 700 1.39 693 1.31 687 1.23 680 1.12 673 0.99 667 0.87 660 0.75 653 0.62 647 0.48 640 0.31 633 0.15 627 0.02 620 0.00 613 0.00 607 0.00 600 0.00 593 0.00 587 0.00 580 0.00 573 0.00 567 0.00 560 0.00 553 0.00 547 0.00 540 0.00 533 0.00 527 0.00 520 0.00 513 0.00 507 0.00 500 0.00 493 0.00 487 0.00 480 0.00 473 0.00 467 0.00 460 0.00 453 0.00 447 0.00 440 0.00 433 0.00 427 0.00 420 0.00 413 0.00 407 0.00 400 0.00 Did you know boosting your SAT score by 160points can dramatically change your chances of getting into your dream school?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: How Did We Calculate These SAT-GPA Conversions? Now that you've seen the conversion table, you're likely wondering how we actually calculated these SAT-GPA conversions. First, we usedreal official data released by the College Boardto get precisepercentiles down to the exact person.We then used grade percentile data from this study to calculate common class grade percentiles. Next, we presumed that, to get the GPA, a student with a median class grade of K (out of 100) could score uniformly 6 points higher or lower. This let us map percentiles to course grades to GPA. Note that our methodologyfor mapping student class grades to GPA is proprietary. At least converting SAT scores to a GPA isn't as confusing as converting different types of money is. What Can You Use These SAT-GPA Conversions For? You've seen the table and understand how we calculated these conversions- but what now? What can you actually use SAT-GPA conversions for? In other words, how can they help you? Below, we give you two reasons for why you might want to use these conversions, and explain how they can potentially aid you during the college application process. #1: You Want to Estimate Your SAT Score Before Taking the Test As I mentioned at the beginning, one big reason you might want to use these SAT-GPA conversions is to estimate what your potential SAT scores could be based on your current GPA.Doing this can be helpful for students who have yet to take their first SAT and want to get a rough idea of the general range they should be scoring in based on their performance in school. For example, if you're a 4.0 student, you'd probably want to be scoring pretty highly on the SAT- ideally in at least the 1400s.On the other hand, if you've got a 3.1 GPA, you might expect to score around average (though you could certainly score higher depending on how hard you prep!). Again, note thatyour GPA is not an accurate predictor of your SAT score (in reality, your PSAT score is a much better predictor). Even if you have a lower GPA, this doesn't necessarily mean that you'll for sure get a below-average SAT score. However, you can use your GPA to give yourself a rough baseline of where you should be scoring on the SAT. #2: You Want to Estimate the Average GPA of Admitted Applicants to Colleges The other way you might want to use these SAT-GPA conversions is to estimate the average GPA of admitted applicants to certain colleges based on their average SAT scores.This is helpful if a college website offers data on admitted applicants' SAT scores but noton their GPA. For example, say you're applying to the University of Texas. You currently have a GPA of 3.4 and want to know what the average GPA of admitted students is, so you go to the UT Austin website. Unfortunately, all you can find is the middle 50% ranges of applicants' SAT/ACT scores. But the good news is that you can use this information to estimate what the average GPA (or GPA range) of admitted applicants is. According to UT Austin's website, the middle 50% of SAT scores is 1160-1390. Using the conversion table above, we can look for these scores and then come up with a (rough) GPA range of admitted students to UT Austin. The chart shows that 1160 converts to a GPA of 3.85, while an SAT score of 1390 converts to a GPA of 3.99. We can therefore say thatadmitted applicants to UT Austin typically have a GPA in the range of 3.85-3.99.This means you'll likely need a fairly high GPA to get admitted to UT Austin. What’s Next? Wonderingwhat SAT score you should be aiming for?Learn what your target SAT score should be based on the colleges you're interested in. Not sure how to begin studying for the SAT? Check out this guide which goes over the pros and cons of each prep method.It'll help you figure out exactly how you should be studying! Want to get some more SAT practice in? Taking practice tests is one of the best ways to prepare for the SAT and learn how well you're doing. Check out these free and official SAT practice tests and get started! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to Improve Employee Engagement in an Organisation+ HR startegies Term Paper

How to Improve Employee Engagement in an Organisation+ HR startegies of being able to measure Employee Engagement - Term Paper Example This study has also outlined various HR strategies implemented by Tesco management so that they can maintain their leading position in the UK based retail industry (Brajer-Marczak 259-261). From the study, I have gained an idea of Employee Engagement policies that are used by Tesco. Tesco is using the strategies centrally from the UK based headquarters to different subsections of global distribution centers. I came to know about the term â€Å"helicopter view† that is mainly the HR and Employee Engagement policy of Tesco. It is primarily a modified version of the conflict management strategies. Broad issues are collected from different branch operations. HR policies of Tesco are aiming to offer more quality in products, and on store ambiance. Tesco is facing the challenge from ASDA, Sainsbury, Morrison’s, Walmart, LIDL and ALDI. Therefore, employee retention and development policies must be well designed. In addition, I have learned that Employee Engagement policies of Tesco are collecting demands and knowledge from the employees. This type of HR policy will reduce different type of recurring training and development cost. Collective bargaining is enterta ined to ensure proper features of the workplace and remuneration policies. Employee engagement policies of the Tesco are discussed in details to ensure more quality. The term employee engagement is making the HR process more complex. Employees are engaged into the business policies and strategic directions in order to increase the commitment towards the organization. Organizations are increasing loyalty management process that will aid them to retain skilled and expert employees. On the other hand, productivity of the retail firms will gradually increase with the help of motivated set of employees. Emotional support provisions to the employees will make them feel more valued (Bridger 127-129). Concept of employee engagement is

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Literature review - Essay Example However, careful consideration of the research works of Vlachos (2008) and Weir (2002) reveals the fact that very few researchers ever succeeded in establishing clear route map for addressing the question â€Å"How HRM can direct performance in service driven organization?† It is evident from the above discussion that significant amount of argument exists among scholars regarding role of HRM in improving performance in service organization. Therefore, the study will try to dig deep on the topic â€Å"Establishing Equilibrium between HRM Power Index and Organizational Performance in Banking Service Industry† with the help of existing literature in order to understand whether HRM power indexes play significant role in improving service organizational performance or not? Banking sector has been selected as representative of service industry in this literature review. 2.0 Key Discussion 2.1 HRM Power Index and Organizational Performance Guthrie, Spell and Nyamori (2002), Hu ang (2001) and Gollan (2005) defined HRM power indexes as the different role performed by the human resource departments such as training and development, performance measurement, recruitment etc which can influence operational performance of organizations. Taking help of the research works of Bae and Lawler (2000) and Collins and Smith (2006) reveals the fact that high-involvement HRM practices accompanied by selective staffing, performance management, employee empowerment and extensive training might develop the employees to handle grater work responsibilities and increase sustainability in organizational environment. Although, these scholars identified four HRM power indexes such as performance management, employee empowerment, selective staffing and extensive training but these scholars never tried to highlight how HRM practices can improve organizational performance. In such context, Snape and Redman (2010) and Sun, Aryee and Law (2007) argued that organizational performance is a multidimensional term which can be effected by strategic initiatives and operational activities of companies. These scholars also argued that HRM might be used to increase employee productivity but organizational performance can not only be driven by employee productivity. In such context, Wall and Wood (2005) and Collins and Smith (2006) found it very difficult to link the integration of HRM, power indexes with the financial performance improvement in companies. Let’s take example of Company A which is performing well in terms of increase in financial revenue or capex building but it will be very difficult to separate the role of HRM in improving overall performance of the company because vertical integration of supply chain activities, business strategies, technology implementation and many others might have influence the performance. While conducting research on Arabian countries, Al-Hamadi, Budhwar and Shipton (2007) and Budhwar, Al-Yahmadi and Debrah (2002) found that there are organizations which not even consider HRM as the important vertical in improving performance of the organization. These scholars also pointed out that in case of service organization, employees frequently interact with customers and poorly managed employees might not be able to

Individual Risk Management Essay Example for Free

Individual Risk Management Essay The objective of risk management is to develop response actions to minimize the impact of possible negative events during every phase of a project. The process also works to increase the impact of the positive events and mitigate the problems associated with making changes (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risks in many projects are multifaceted in nature because the positive impact created at one stage of a project, could have dire consequences at another. For example, occasionally in construction projects, floor slabs will have design defects that will not properly drain and eliminate the migration of water breaching the inside of the structure. A minor re-design of the slab configuration will eliminate the drainage problem but cause a significant structural issue with roof trussing and its ability to hold the house together during a minimal shift. The changes made to correct the slab issue are great, but the problems it will create down the line are greater unless the initial solution is analyzed all the way through the project. Identifying the risk and plausible solutions is done through a series of procedures, techniques, and analysis to meet the objectives of risk management. Another dimension of the risk management kaleidoscope understands the definition of risk from various viewpoints and positions with stake in the project. The risk management operation requires a planning process describing how to conduct the risk management based on the activities and tasks necessary to complete the work. There is an intangible element with assessing the risk of defining the tolerances and attitudes of the organizational leaders and stakeholders. A project manager with experience will have a more complete understanding of this component performing an internal analysis of risk appetite and risk tolerance levels surrounding the organization and the primary stakeholders. The amount of risk for a project is measured, analyzed, and quantified with  numerous equations, graphs, and statistical parameters to confirm and justify the data, but understanding what is in the head of corporate leaders and stakeholders and the level of risk they are comfortable with; is not on a spreadsheet. The understanding of this type of risk management comes from experience and high-level communication skills put into an action plan before the project is started. The risk management process is dependent on several documents for information to achieve its objectives, respond accordingly with monitor and control procedures specific to the project (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risk team will rely in the risk management plan to identify and classify their roles and responsibilities in the key areas. The team also collects information from cost management plan that assists in controlling levels of precision, accuracy, and units of measure. The cost management for risk managers involves more controlling of operational expenditures than total cost of the project (Cooper, Raymond, Walker, 2005). The information provided by the schedule management plan is also a vital document especially in conjunction with the cost management plan to control progression throughout the project life cycle. The scope baseline document is a mandatory piece of information the risk team will look closely at for possible assumptions and uncertainty that might exist. Information for the project that the teams will use throughout the project as reference and updating tools are the stakeholder register, procurement documents, and enterprise environmental factors just to name a few ( Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risk management team completes the identification process with the creation of the risk register and a defined risk management plan (RMP) explaining the risk activities, risk challenges, risk treatment, and structured response in detail. This RMP defines the tools, resources, roles, and responsibilities for managers and line workers alike to minimize project defects and enhance project production. The RMP delivers four main objectives significant to the project, by categorizing the risk into different levels for each phase and department. The risk categorization provides the probability and impact of the risk to gain a better understanding of the impact on the project in terms that are explicit to each, department, or stakeholder at every stage. The risk management matrix has four primary project objectives defining a plan to address cost, time, scope, and quality. The risk management during  the initial planning stages is performed the same way with adjusted tolerances because of limited information. (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). Provided below is a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) as defined in the; A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide). The RBS is performed on the information in the course syllabus â€Å". Your organization has decided that to be successful in the global economy it must expand its supply base into China† (The Apollo Group Inc., 2010). Project Risks: Internal risks of compatibility with stakeholders and foreign lending institutions. The technical capabilitites and servicing capacity for optimum production levels. External Risks: Implmenting organizational objectives in bureaucratic ccontext of host country and meet essential program operations. Risk associated with enviromental enterprise and conceptual framework. Shortage of resources, poor infrastructure, foreign currency, cultural and socioeconomic enviroment. Incomplete understanding of project objectives, design, and sustainability to promote future growth. References Cooper, D. F., Raymond, G. S., Walker, P. (2005). Project Risk Guidelines: Managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.. Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Project Management Institute. ( © 2013). A Guide to the Project Management body of knowledge. (PMBOK ® Guide), Fifth Edition. Retrieved 02 17, 2014, from http://common.books24x7.com/toc.aspx?bookid=51356. Sollish, F., Semanik, J. (2007). The procurement and supply manager’s desk reference. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. The Apollo Group Inc ®. (2010). Syllabus CPMGT/302 Procurement and Risk Management. School of Business. Pheonix, AZ: University of Phoenix.

The Internet as a Beneficial Learning Tool for Students Essay -- Inter

The Internet as a Beneficial Learning Tool for Students The Internet, commonly referred to as the â€Å"information superhighway,† is a tool that has been introduced to classrooms around the world because of its popularity, which has been gaining steadily in the past years. The Internet is a network of computers in which users can share files and complete many other tasks. Many people and groups have voiced concerns of whether the Internet’s benefits in classroom and educational use outweigh the negative effects. From recent studies and personal experiences, I have come to the decision that the benefits certainly outweigh the negative effects. I believe that the students who use information technology such as the Internet regularly in their schoolwork are benefiting greatly rather than losing out. The Internet is information technology that has been said to have many downfalls for students when being used in the education process. Some areas of the country have limited access to computers and the Internet. These students who have limited resources would be falling behind by pushing more online work on the students who do have access to the resources. In my paper I have described methods which I think will help bridge this â€Å"digital divide† that has been created. Another example problem that is created when information technology such as the Internet is brought into classrooms is that things change quicker than teachers can keep up with. â€Å"This places a special burden on already overworked teachers to continue learning new resources and changing their teaching methods.† (LaRose, 2000) There are several ideas, studies, and experiences to battle the problems that I have previously laid out. The first supporting fact that I ... ...teachers that fall behind because of the rapidly changing technology can be solved swiftly will a few grants from the U.S. Department of Education and the implementation of new online programs to help ease pressures. Although there maybe a few glitches that need to be worked out, in a short time I feel it will completely necessary for tomorrow. WORKS CITED â€Å"Digital Divide.† 24 January 2001. â€Å"Digital Divide: Classrooms: Voices.† 24 January 2001. Internet. Edwards, Jack, M.D. Robyler. Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. â€Å"E Learning: Putting a World-Class Education At The Fingertips of All Children.† 24 January 2001. LaRose, Robert, Joseph Straubhaar. Media Now: Communication Media in the Information Age. United States: Wadsworth, 2000. â€Å"The Power of the Internet for Learning.† 24 January 2001. Internet.

Peace and order Essay

Maintenance of public order is a core function of governance. The Indian Constitution, while according a pre-eminent position for the fundamental rights of citizens, recognizes the importance of public order, by providing for legislation imposing reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order. Under the Constitution of India, the Union and the federating units, that is, the States have well-defined areas of responsibility. ‘Public Order’ and ‘Police’ are essentially the responsibilities of State Governments. However, the Central Government assists them by providing Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs) as and when required. The Administrative Reforms Commission is looking at ‘Public Order’ with a view to suggest a framework to strengthen administrative machinery to maintain public order conducive to social harmony and economic development. And also to build capacity for conflict resolution. ARC is looking into all aspects of the subject therefore the focus is on studying the causes of public disorder, how early symptoms of disorder should be detected and addressed well in time, what should be the role of various stakeholders in maintenance of public order, how the enforcement machinery should be made more effective to deal with public disorder. The Commission is examining the subject by focusing on its components namely causes of conflicts and their resolution, secondly the role of civil administration, media, society, Judiciary and NGOs in maintaining public order, and thirdly the role of police and the need for reforms. Accordingly each one of these is being discussed in great length in t hree separate workshops. In the first workshop which is being organized jointly with the Centre for Policy Research (CPR), the role of civil administration and other stakeholders would be discussed, in the second workshop, which is being organized jointly with CPR and the Kannada University the different types of conflicts in the Indian Society would be discussed, and in the third workshop being organized jointly with the National Police Academy the Role of Police would be discussed. The aim of the first workshop on public order is to identify the salient  lessons we can learn from a variety of experiences in dealing with public disorder. The workshop will help the ARC to think through some of the challenges posed for the maintenance of public order by the role of the four agencies namely the civil administration, the judicial interventions, the civil society and the media. How can these agencies be strengthened to make them promoters of a more humane public order? What are some of the difficulties that actors in these different domains face? What are some of the commonly leveled criticisms of these agencies? Do these criticisms need some administrative or legal response? What explains the success of failure of these agencies on some occasions. Although the focus of the workshop will be on reforms that can be implemented, this workshop would like to discuss these issues in the widest possible perspective so that new and innovative ideas can be countenanced. The main task of the workshop will be to identify problems and challenges in these domains, and to recommend possible solutions. The purpose of the second workshop that is on ‘Conflict resolution† is to (a) engage in free and frank discussions about the causes of conflicts in India, (b) arrive at some conclusion about the role and importance of different ethnic factors in the origin and continuance of these conflicts so that (c) fundamental solutions can be proposed to address the deep-rooted causes for the sustainable maintenance of public order. The emphasis will be on coming up with specific recommendations pertaining to administrative reform. Similarly the third workshop, which is being organized jointly with the National Police Academy, would focus on the role of police and police reforms.   Before I go into the role of various stakeholders, I would like to clarify the meaning of the word public order. Any violation of Law is a problem of Law and Order, but every such violation is not a case of disturbance of public order. The dividing line between ‘Public order’ and ‘Law and Order’ is very thin. The Apex Court has explained the concept of public order.   It is the potentiality of an act to disturb the even tempo of the life of the community which makes it â€Å"prejudicial to the maintenance of public order†. If the contravention in its effect is confined only to a few  individuals directly involved, as distinct from a wide spectrum of public, it would raise the problem of â€Å"law and order† only. It is the potentiality of the act to disturb the even tempo of the life of t he community which makes it â€Å"prejudicial to the maintenance of public order†. Importance of maintaining public order: India today is poised to emerge as a global economic power with all its high growth rate of economy and all-round economic development. For realizing our legitimate aspirations of economic development, it is essential that the problems of peace and order are managed efficiently in the country. No developmental activity is possible in an environment of insecurity and disorder. Failure to manage the multifarious problems arising out of violent conflicts based on religious, caste, ethnic, regional or any other disputes, can lead to unstable and chaotic conditions. Such conditions not only militate against realization of our economic dream, but also would jeopardize our survival as a vibrant democracy. We have to look at the problem of public order management and the role of law enforcement in that regard, in this perspective. We should not forget that it is the weaker sections which suffer the most in any public disorder. Whose responsibility is to maintain public order-role of civil administration: Undoubtedly, it is the role of the police, as the principal law enforcement agency to preserve public order. The magistracy and the judiciary also have a vital role in preserving public order. But there are other agencies within the governmental set up which have to contribute towards preserving public order. It is the police which bears the brunt of violations of the Laws and also the ensuing violence. But in a large number of addressing the root cause is much beyond their purview. The case of recent demolitions in Delhi is an example. The main cause there has been the non enforcement of the building regulations by the officials who were entrusted this task. Another example is the ‘Ulhasnagar demolitions’. If one looks at the causes of public disorder, there are a host of reasons. These may be broadly classified into socio-economic, political, historical  and administrative. I am not going into the details of each one of these but I would like to highlight that a large number of public disorders have administrative reasons as their root cause. Therefore we have to bring in change in our mindset. Our response to public disorder should commence at the very initial stage, and it is here that the role of entire civil administration including both regulatory and developmental becomes important. The period after independence has seen a tremendous increase in spread of education and alongside has increased the awareness among the people and so also the aspirations. And when these aspirations are not met, tensions prevail within the society, which if not redressed have the potential of erupting as a problem of public disorder. Increasingly, and rightly so, administration is not being perceived as a ruling class. People are realizing that they are service providers. The administration must also realize this role. Wrong doings of administration, which in the past may have got muted acceptance, are no longer being tolerated by the civil society. We have to provide an administration which is fair, objective and transparent. How to achieve this is a challenge before us. Role of the Judiciary: Access to justice is fundamental to the ‘Rule of Law†. If the citizens feel that access to justice is delayed or is not effective, they get alienated. If they feel that punishment is meted out to the wrong doers only in a few cases, they have a tendency to disassociate them with the judicial process and stop taking interest as a complainant, a witness or a pancha. Sometimes a landlord looking to get a recalcitrant tenant out, a tenant seeking protection from an avaricious landlord, families involved in property disputes, start by thinking that gangsters (goondas) can settle their problems which the courts are going to take ages to do. If this becomes common, criminality will be a substitute for ‘Rule of Law’. We have to ensure that we do not reach such a precarious situation. Criminals should be intimidated by what Shakespeare called â€Å"The awful majesty of the law†, other wise they will become a law unto themselves. Various Law Commissions  have suggested reforms in the criminal and civil justice administration system, which need to be acted upon. Role of the media: The importance of a free press, for a healthy democracy cannot be overemphasized. More importantly, it is a sort of check and balance that keeps the authorities on their toes on the one hand and a type of mirror that enables people in authority to get a continuous reality check, on the other. This remains an important role for the media, despite the increasing pressures of commercialization. The fact that democratic India could avoid famines, Amartya Sen has suggested, was almost entirely due to the role of the media in sensitizing authorities to the urgency of providing relief. Indeed our free and energetic media is, in fact, our best early warning system. But what is essential is that the media should play a responsible role. It has been observed that at times, a part of the media has not been quite objective in their reporting. Sometimes the media also plays a role in spreading prejudices, as they needless to say, are more interested in sensational news than sensible constructive news. We may deliberate as to how the potential of media can be tapped in maintaining public order. Role of the Society, NGOs: A democratic society cannot function properly if everything in it is left only to the State or even to statutory bodies. Because of the increasing complexities of societies everything cannot be taken care of by the Governmental institutions. The gap has to be filled up by the civil society. Government intervention itself will be in fructuous if it is not underpinned by voluntary action. Moreover the exercise of political power through civil society opens the way for democracy in real sense of the term. Civil society consists of open and secular institutions that mediate between the citizen and the State. In the absence of civil society, the State machinery and civil servants becomes the dominant and the only repository of power. The modern idea of civil government requires emergence  of civil society which would make people self-reliant rather than remain dependent on State institutions. Participation by the civil society makes the citizens active agents instead of becoming merely passive recipients of welfare. We, especially in the government need to realize that in a healthy growth model of a free democratic society, the Government is just one of the participants. The Government exists as one of the servitors in the service of the society. Indeed the awareness that government alone can neither solve all the problems of the society nor it is the only crucial actor in addressing major societal issues has dictated the need to look beyond Government. Interdependence and need to find solutions to societal problems call for greater collaboration between the government and civil society. A large number of Non Governmental organizations (NGOs) are working in the developmental fields. But the number of such NGOs dedicating themselves to preservation of public order is limited. We can perhaps learn from experiences of some of these NGOs and recommend measures to pave the way for their greater involvement. Role of the Police: I should have taken up the role of police first, as they are the main actors in this process. But as I have mentioned that we will be discussing this issue at great length in the third workshop, which we are organizing at the National Police Academy. But I would suggest that aspects of police administration which require interaction with other governmental agencies and stakeholders may be discussed in this workshop. Conclusion: Development and security are truly mutually inter-related. We need therefore, to evolve a combined strategy to deal simultaneously with the twin challenges of development and security within the framework of a democratic polity committed to respect for all fundamental human freedoms and also committed to upholding the rule of law. Internal conflict management is the key to the success of participative democracy, strengthening national  solidarity and cohesion and firming up the nation’s resolve and capability to meet any external threats to its security and territorial integrity. The deficiencies in this vital area need to be plugged through judicial and police reforms, better citizen participation in governance, transparency and more effective and integrated approach to public order maintenance. Violations of public order, given their socio-economic, political and administrative causes demand a concerted response from different wings of the civil administration. When this is done at the nascent stage itself, minor discords can be prevented from turning into major public disorders. The challenge lies in institutionalizing a mechanism so that all wings of the civil administration as well as other stakeholders work in a coordinated fashion. I hope that these two workshops would be able to come up with substantial recommendations for a framework and a roadmap for maintaining public order.

Topical Issues

Abortion â€Å"Unsafe abortions kill 200 women a day according to IPAS, a non-governmental organisation based in the US. IPAS claims that much more needs to be done to make abortion safe and accessible†. * The Bible teaches that human life is different from other types of life, because human beings are made in the very image of God. * The Bible teaches that children are a blessing. * The Bible teaches that the child in the womb is truly a human child, who even has a relationship with the Lord. * Scripture repeatedly condemns the killing of the innocent. * The Bible teaches that God is a God of justice. Scripture teaches people to love. * Life is victorious over death. My conscience tells me abortion is wrong because * All life is sacred-all life on Earth was created by almighty God above, and  it is  therefore morally wrong to deprive an unborn child. * No one except God can take away life- all life on Earth was created by almighty God above and so it follows that only He can take it away. No one have this right. * Abortion is an anagram of iron boat- I pointing out that abortion is an anagram of Iron boat because, like abortions, iron boats are bad!They sink straight to the bottom, killing everyone on board. Exactly like what abortive mothers do. Roman Catholic and protestant both have same belief. This is what they believe- * Life begins at conception – the foetus is a human being with human rights. * All Bible teaching on human life also applied to the foetus- especially the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill†. * If a mother can’t support her baby then it should be adopted. * Life is sacred because it is given by God. * They described abortion as a great evil.

Online Public Schools for Wisconsin Students

Online Public Schools for Wisconsin Students Wisconsin offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Though students normally attend a public school in the district where they live, Wisconsin allows students to enroll in public schools in other districts, so although a school is chartered in one district, students statewide can enroll.    JEDI Virtual Online PK-12 School JEDI Virtual School, a not-for-profit charter school, offered its first distance education class in the 1996-1997 school year and was the first school of its kind in Wisconsin.   JEDI focuses on personalized attention. Full-time online students are assigned, in addition to their highly qualified teachers, learning coaches to help with time management and tracking students’ achievements. Also, a student services coordinator oversees course schedules, monitors grades and attendance, and makes any necessary schedule adjustments. Curriculum options include AP and dual-credit courses. The chartering district is  Whitewater Unified School District.   Wisconsin Virtual Academy Wisconsin Virtual Academy (WIVA)’s core values are â€Å"Achieve, Communicate, Collaborate Engage (ACCE).† WIVA promotes a collaborative, student-centered approach to ​developing young adults who are ready for college or a career. With the school’s individualized program, K-5 students learn at their own pace in a mastery-based curriculum. Middle school students study core subjects as well as self-guided electives in music or world language. High schoolers have a diversity of options for meeting their educational needs. This full-time, tuition-free, online public charter school is authorized by the McFarland School District. Monroe Virtual Middle School​​ The Monroe Virtual Middle School (MVMS) uses computer-based courses, correspondence, independent study and experiential credit-based options to offer a flexible approach to earning middle school credit. Approved by the School District of Monroe Board of Education, MVMS offers a three-year middle school diploma. The MVMS program understands that all students are entitled to have the opportunity to earn a middle school education, but not all students are well served in a traditional classroom setting.  Students at MVMS can earn credit for work study and service learning.​ eAchieve Academy The vision of the eAchieve Academy team  is as follows: â€Å"Using todays technology to educate tomorrows leaders.†Ã‚  All Academy faculty and staff pledge to help students develop to their full potential and lay the groundwork for life success. To bolster that pledge, the curriculum at eAchieve is constantly evolving, as courses, technologies and social opportunities are added to address the needs of the diverse student body. First known as iQAcademy Wisconsin, eAchieve Academy has the most graduates and some of the best ACT and high school WKCE scores of any online Wisconsin high school. eAchieve added its virtual middle school in 2009 and its virtual elementary school in 2014. The school can boast of four National Merit Scholar Finalists and 916 total high school graduates since 2004 (as of May 2017).

Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests

Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, I'll tell you where to find all official, printable SAT practice tests andanswer keys. This comprehensive guide gives you access to more SAT practice tests than any other online guide. In addition, you'll learn key strategies that'll help you make big improvements on SAT practice tests you can print out. Free Printable SAT Tests (Current 1600 Format, 2016-Present) Currently, there are 10 available practice tests for the redesigned SAT, all of which have been provided by the maker of the SAT itself, theCollege Board. These tests are the absolute best ones to use for your SAT studies since they're the most similar to the test. Practice Test 1:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 6:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 7:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 8:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 9: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Practice Test 10: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Don't forget to fill in your answers with theSAT answersheet. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Free Printable SAT Tests (Old 2400 Format, 2005-2016) These next tests follow the old 2400format of the SAT, with separate Critical Reading, Math, and Writing sections. (By contrast, on the current SAT, your Reading and Writing scores are combined for a total Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score.) Despite their somewhat out-of-date structure, these tests can be useful for your studying.Just keep in mindall the major differences between the old and current SAT. I recommend using these tests more as training sessions than as full-on practice for the SAT. Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2013-14:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2012-13:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2007-08:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers It might look as though I've skipped a few years here, but I actually haven't: all the tests for the yearsnot listed are repeats of those above, including the 2011-12, 2010-11, 2009-10, 2008-09, 2006-07, and 2005-06 practice tests. So if you find these tests on other forums or websites, don't waste your time taking them since they're the exact same as the ones already listed. We're going way back into the past for this next set of SAT tests. Free Printable SAT Tests (Very Old 1600 Format, Pre-2005) Before the SAT underwent a redesign in 2016, the last time it had changed was in 2005, back when it jumped from a 1600-point scale to a 2400-point scale. Despite this massive shift in scoring, only a few major differences could be found between the very old 1600 SAT and the old 2400 SAT. Other than those, most of the test remained the same. As a result, these very old SAT practice tests are a hidden gold minethat few students know of. By taking these tests, then, you'll have that much more of an edge over other test takers. Before I give you the links, though, note a few important caveats: You can skip the analogies questions on Reading. These are the questions that look like "CAR : ENGINE ::." Since they're no longer on the SAT, there's no point in studying them. You can skip the comparison questions on Math. This question type presents two boxes and asks you to decide whether A or B is greater. Again, these aren't on the current SAT, so you don't need to worry about these. There is no Writing section on these tests.Therefore, make sure you use supplementary prep materials to study the grammar and question types you'll need to know for the current SAT's Writing and Language section. Be grateful you don't need to answer some of these old-format questions- analogies were the primary reason that the SAT had a bad reputation for forcing students to memorize vocab! Official SAT Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2003-04:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2002:Questions + Answers Official SAT Test 2001:Questions + Answers 6 Tips for Getting the Most Out Of SAT Practice Tests Each SAT practice test requires around four hours of intense focus, so it's important to utilize them effectively. Below are six critical strategiesto follow each time you take a practice test. #1: Print Out the Test and Take It on Paper Because the SAT is a paper test (as opposed to a computer test), it's best to take the practice tests on paper. Also, make sure youdo your scratch work directly on the test.Don't get out separate pieces of scratch paper to use since on the actual test you won't get any scratch paper (but will be allowed totake notes directly in your test booklet). Finally, if you're taking the optional Essay section, practice writing your essay using the lined paper included with your practice test. #2: Use Strict Timing on Each Section Although time pressure can be intimidating,it's important to follow official SAT time limits as closely as possible onpractice tests. Why? If, for example, you spend just two extra minutes on a section, this could raise your score by hundreds of points, since the extra time allowed you to answer more questions than you would've been able to within the actual time limit. As a result, your practice SAT score becomes inflated and doesn't give you an accurate indicator of your actual scoring ability. Here's an overview of the official time limits for each SAT section as well as how long you should spend (roughly) per question: SAT Section Time # of Questions Time per Question Reading 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Writing and Language 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator 25 minutes 20 75 seconds Math Calculator 55 minutes 38 87 seconds Make sure togive yourself breaks, too! #3: Take the Test in One Sitting The SAT is a marathon of a test, lasing around four hours on an early Saturday morning. Many of my students have told me how difficult it was to stay focused the entire time and keep themselves from making careless mistakes at the end. Preparing for the SAT is like training for a marathon: you need to ensure you have enough stamina to make it through the test.And the best way to do this is to take each practice test in one sitting, as if you were taking the actual SAT. If it's too difficult for you to find the time to take a practice test in one sitting, go ahead and split it up over several days- just make sure youadhere to the time limits for each section. Ultimately, it's better to do some SAT practice than none at all! #4: Review Your Mistakes (and Your Correct Answers, Too) Practice tests aren't just good for getting to know the SAT format and sections- they're also great for learning from your mistakes. For every practice SAT test you take, spend time reviewing both questions you got wrong and questions you got right. If you don't know why you missed a question, don't just skip it and move on; doing this means you won't learn what kind of mistake you made, raising your risk of making it over and over again. This habit can hamper your score pretty drastically. So make sure to approach your SAT prep with this in mind: quality over quantity. I'd rather have you take three practice tests with detailed review than six practice tests with no review. #5: Take At Least 4 Practice Tests Before the Actual SAT From my experience with thousands of students, this magic number works best at getting students really comfortable with the SAT in all major respects, including timing and endurance. If you want to take more than four tests, go ahead and try it out- just make sure that you balance your prep with some focused studying on your weaknesses so that you can make faster progress. #6: Use Supplemental Resources If Necessary Some students are great at learning the ins and outs of the SAT through practice tests alone- they recognize their mistakes, understand why they made them, and avoid making them in the future. But most students need additional help to pinpoint their weaknesses and teach them the skills and strategies needed for success on the SAT. If practice tests aren't enough for you, download our free guide to help you figure out which SAT prep method works best for you. What's Next? Want to get a perfect SAT score?Take a look atour famous guide to a 1600, written by an expert SAT perfect-scorer. Aiming high on each SAT section? Then read our individual, in-depth strategy guides to help you reach an800 on SAT Reading, SAT Math, and SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Critical Discussion of Two Urban Dark Tourism Sites Based On Death and Essay

Critical Discussion of Two Urban Dark Tourism Sites Based On Death and Disaster - Essay Example Memories about war, disasters, and battle sites have produced interests, curiosity, and adventurism among many tourists. Urban dark tourism therefore constitutes a field that is emerging powerfully, involving people around the world traveling towards sites, attractions, and events that have association in one way or the other with death, suffering, violence, or disaster (Stone, 2005). Wight (2006) notes that interpretation, marketing, and production of dark tourism products in the modern world is huge. However, inevitability of debate concerning political and ethical issues of the concept remains live and unavoidable (Sharpley, 2009, p.5). Due to this observation, this research paper aims to critically discuss ethical and political issues of two urban dark tourism products/sites that emerge as a result of interpreting, marketing, and producing the two dark tourism products or sites. ... Examples of key areas explored by authors that can be categorized as dark tourist sites include; cemeteries, battlegrounds, sites of deaths of celebrities, places disasters have taken place, prisons, chambers where torture has taken place, genocide sites, and memorials (Bigley, Lee, Chon, and Yoon, 2010). Dark tourism has grown and its implications exhibit interplay between various structures of; political, social, and cultural conditions of the society (Stone and Sharpley, 2008) and today bountiful potential exists in dark tourism as a result of media and communication technologies (Sharpley, 2009). Emergence of dark tourism is associated with emergence of post-modernism concept, together with its elements of communication and globalization (Huggan, 2009). What this means is that, dark tourism is regarded to be a product of post-modern culture that has been conceived and reared by global communications networks, anxieties about modernity and the general emphasis on commoditization. Presence of global communication technologies has been effective in creating the basic interest among tourist to visit these areas (Lennon and Foley, 2000). Apart from the role communication technologies play, it also appears that dark tourism sites possess ability to introduce anxiety and doubt about the project of modernity (Smith, MacLeod, and Robertson, 2009). Lastly, in consuming dark tourism products, post-modernism culture combines education with elements of commoditization and commercial ethic where visiting dark sites is perceived to constitute an opportunity to achieve mediated goals of tourism consumption. Dark tourism does not enjoy rosy ride, rather, there has been tendency among some